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Figure 13 Coryneum lancangense (HKAS 122728, holotype). a, b. Conidiomata on host surface; c, d. Vertical cross sections of a conidioma; e, f. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells with conidia; g–n. …

Figure 13 Coryneum lancangense (HKAS 122728, holotype). a, b. Conidiomata on host surface; c, d. Vertical cross sections of a conidioma; e, f. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells with conidia; g–n. Conidia; o. Germinated conidium; p, q. Colonies on PDA, surface, and reverse views. Scale bars: 200 μm (c); 50 μm (d–f); 15 μm (g–o); 20 mm (p, q).

Figure 12 Coryneum lincangense (HKAS 122753, holotype). a, b. Conidiomata on host surface; c. vertical cross section of a conidioma; d, e. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells with conidia; f–m. Coni…

Figure 12 Coryneum lincangense (HKAS 122753, holotype). a, b. Conidiomata on host surface; c. vertical cross section of a conidioma; d, e. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells with conidia; f–m. Conidia; n. Germinated conidium; o, p. Colony on PDA, surface, and reverse views. Scale bars: 150 μm (c); 30 μm (d); 15 μm (e); 20 μm (f–n); 30 mm (o, p).

Figure 11 Phylogram generated from ML analysis based on ITS, LSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 sequence data. Related sequences were obtained following Jiang et al. (2019) and BLAST search results in GenBank. Thi…

Figure 11 Phylogram generated from ML analysis based on ITS, LSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 sequence data. Related sequences were obtained following Jiang et al. (2019) and BLAST search results in GenBank. Thirty-seven strains are included in the combined analyses, which comprise 3,788 characters for the ITS, LSU, tef1-α, and rpb2 alignment. Stilbospora macrosperma (CBS 115073) and S. pyriforme (CBS 120522) were used as the outgroup taxa. The best-scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of –13,596.559319 is presented. The matrix had 927 distinct alignment patterns, with 27.45% undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.238028, C = 0.273280, G = 0.278322, T = 0.210371. Substitution rates were AC = 1.466103, AG = 2.334780, AT = 1.345806, CG = 1.047633, CT = 6.676255, and GT = 1.0000. Gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.158306 and tree length = 0.423218. The tree topology of the ML analysis is similar to that of the Bayesian analysis. Bootstrap values for ML equal to or greater than 70% and posterior probability values greater than 0.95 from the BYPP analysis are labeled at the nodes. Strains of the newly described species are in red, while type strains are in bold.

Figure 10 Proliferodiscus chiangraiensis (HKAS 122736). a. Herbarium specimen; b. Conidiomata on substrate; c, d. Cross sections of conidiomata; e. Conidiomatal wall; f–h. Conidiogenous cells lining t…

Figure 10 Proliferodiscus chiangraiensis (HKAS 122736). a. Herbarium specimen; b. Conidiomata on substrate; c, d. Cross sections of conidiomata; e. Conidiomatal wall; f–h. Conidiogenous cells lining the inner wall of a conidioma; i. Conidia; j. Germinated conidium; k, l. Colonies on PDA, surface, and reverse views. Scale bars: 100 μm (c, d); 20 μm (e); 10 μm (f–j); 30 mm (k, l).

Mazkur maqolada kompetensiyaga asoslangan baholashning mazmun-mohiyati, asosiy tamoyillari, baholash mezonlari hamda ta’lim jarayonidagi amaliy ahamiyati yoritilgan. Kompetensiyaga asoslangan yo…

Mazkur maqolada kompetensiyaga asoslangan baholashning mazmun-mohiyati, asosiy tamoyillari, baholash mezonlari hamda ta’lim jarayonidagi amaliy ahamiyati yoritilgan. Kompetensiyaga asoslangan yondashuvda o‘quvchining faqat nazariy bilimlarni o‘zlashtirishi emas, balki ularni amaliy vaziyatlarda qo‘llay olishi, muammolarni mustaqil hal qilishi, muloqotga kirishishi, jamoada ishlashi va o‘z faoliyatini baholay olishi muhim hisoblanadi. Maqolada kompetensiyalarni baholashning diagnostik, shakllantiruvchi va yakuniy turlari, mezon va indikatorlarning o‘zaro bog‘liqligi hamda rubrikalardan foydalanish imkoniyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, ta’lim amaliyotida kompetensiyaga asoslangan baholashni samarali tashkil etish bo‘yicha tavsiyalar beriladi.

Figure 1 Phylogram generated from ML analysis based on SSU, LSU, ITS, and tef1-α sequence data. Related sequences were obtained following Ren et al. (2024) and BLAST search results in GenBank. Seventy…

Figure 1 Phylogram generated from ML analysis based on SSU, LSU, ITS, and tef1-α sequence data. Related sequences were obtained following Ren et al. (2024) and BLAST search results in GenBank. Seventy-five strains are included in the combined analyses, which comprise 3,198 characters for the SSU, LSU, ITS, and tef1-α alignment. Arthonia dispersa (UPSC 2583) and Dendrographa decolorans (Ertz 5003) were used as the outgroup taxa. The best-scoring RAxML tree with a final likelihood value of –28,027.766070 is presented. The matrix had 1,449 distinct alignment patterns, with 27.23% undetermined characters or gaps. Estimated base frequencies were as follows: A = 0.243048, C = 0.240167, G = 0.272106, T = 0.244679. Substitution rates were AC = 1.289576, AG = 2.841996, AT = 1.802252, CG = 0.832289, CT = 6.579166, and GT = 1.0000. Gamma distribution shape parameter α = 0.269377, and tree length = 4.396201. The tree topology of the ML analysis is similar to that of the Bayesian analysis. Bootstrap values for ML equal to or greater than 70% and posterior probability values greater than 0.95 from the BYPP analysis are labeled at the nodes. Strains of the newly described species are in red, while type strains are in bold.

Figure 3 Comparison of diagnostic structures (abdomen: A, E. antennae; B, F. and wings; C, D, G, H. between G. perseae (left) and G. gonzalezi (right). Male antennae (red arrow indicates the position …

Figure 3 Comparison of diagnostic structures (abdomen: A, E. antennae; B, F. and wings; C, D, G, H. between G. perseae (left) and G. gonzalezi (right). Male antennae (red arrow indicates the position of the sensorial plate). Female abdomen: A. G. perseae, E. G. gonzalezi.

Figure 2 Parasitoids of Bruggmanniella perseae recovered from Nayarit, Mexico. Rileya insularisA. Female; B. Male; Torymus umbilicatus: C. Female; D. Male; Galeopsomyia perseae: E. Female; F. Male; Ga…

Figure 2 Parasitoids of Bruggmanniella perseae recovered from Nayarit, Mexico. Rileya insularisA. Female; B. Male; Torymus umbilicatus: C. Female; D. Male; Galeopsomyia perseae: E. Female; F. Male; Galeopsomyia gonzalezi: G. Female; H. Male; Torymoides sulcius: I. Female; J. Male; and Rileya sp.: K. Female; L. Male.

Figure 1 Bruggmanniella perseae. A. Third instar larva, ventral view; B. Third instar larva, lateral view; C. Pupa, dorsal view; D. Pupa, lateral view; E. Pupa, ventral view; F. Female adult, lateral …

Figure 1 Bruggmanniella perseae. A. Third instar larva, ventral view; B. Third instar larva, lateral view; C. Pupa, dorsal view; D. Pupa, lateral view; E. Pupa, ventral view; F. Female adult, lateral view; G. Male adult, lateral view.

Figure 9 Chromosome counting, GISH and FISH analyses of Elymus chaobotryus. A. DAPI staining showing 2n = 42; B. GISH identifying St-genome chromosomes; C. Sequential FISH distinguishing chromosome gr…

Figure 9 Chromosome counting, GISH and FISH analyses of Elymus chaobotryus. A. DAPI staining showing 2n = 42; B. GISH identifying St-genome chromosomes; C. Sequential FISH distinguishing chromosome groups interpreted as H and Y genomes. Scale bars: 10 μm.