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The article examines the principal problems and influencing factors in improving students' speech competence in mother tongue lessons through the 4C model: critical thinking, creativity, communication…

The article examines the principal problems and influencing factors in improving students' speech competence in mother tongue lessons through the 4C model: critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration. The study is designed as an integrative literature review and pedagogical synthesis of fifteen international sources on twenty-first-century skills, oracy, dialogic teaching, cooperative learning, multilingual education, and the assessment of spoken language. The analysis shows that the effectiveness of a 4C-based approach is constrained when classroom interaction remains teacher-centred, assessment rewards reproduction rather than meaningful speech, speaking opportunities are distributed unequally, and teachers lack practical instruments for formative assessment. The article proposes a classroom model in which problem-based questioning, exploratory talk, creative oral production, peer interaction, and transparent speaking criteria are combined within mother tongue instruction. The findings suggest that speech competence should be treated not only as linguistic correctness but as the integrated ability to formulate, justify, adapt, and co-construct meaning in real communicative situations. Practical recommendations are offered for lesson design, assessment, teacher development, and the use of digital tools.

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Abstract: Cloud seeding has mostly depended on the use of chemicals such as silver iodide (AgI), hygroscopic salts, dry ice, or any other condensable matter that helps to generate precipitation. …

Abstract: Cloud seeding has mostly depended on the use of chemicals such as silver iodide (AgI), hygroscopic salts, dry ice, or any other condensable matter that helps to generate precipitation. Although these methods have led to practical achievements in different situations, they keep on facing the problems of uncertain effectiveness, pollution issues, regulatory complexity, and problems of warm cloud systems. To meet the challenges of water scarcity in a sustainable way, many countries around the world, in recent years, have been looking into the possibility of “green” or “chemical-free” weather modification as the next generation of water augmentation technologies. This paper presents the innovative idea: Zero Chemical Cloud Seeding with the help of Hygroscopic Surface-Active Particles (HSAPs)-very small specially created particles that can attract, align, and combine water molecules without breaking down, giving off ions, or participating in a chemical reaction. The particles act as non-chemical condensation catalysts, thus theoretically providing a means of precipitation enhancement while at the same time eliminating the risk of environmental damage that is typical for conventional methods. HSAPs use the intermolecular forces such as dipole orientation, hydrogen-bond templating, andmicro-scale capillary condensation, instead of the traditional solute-based hygroscopicity. Their manufacturing imitates the behaviour of natural aerosols like pollen grains, biological surfactants, ice-nucleating proteins (INPs), and some organic dusts that are known for modulating cloud microphysics without releasing chemicals. The article investigates: (1) the underpinning physical principles of water clustering; (2) the structures of materials that are best suited for cloud environments; (3) aerodynamics and dispersal dynamics; (4) possible benefits over AgI and salt-based seeding; (5) environmental and ethical considerations; and (6) the experimental route to warm cloud HSAP efficacy validation. The idea is far from being obvious but is based on current knowledge of atmospheric and material science. HSAPs, if they work, could be a revolutionary breakthrough: a means for no negative impact on the environment, warm-cloud-capable, and free of residues, precipitation enhancement.

This paper introduces the notion of \emph{Record persistence}: the possibility that information concerning a physical object remains accessible after the disappearance of its original bearer. Photon c…

This paper introduces the notion of \emph{Record persistence}: the possibility that information concerning a physical object remains accessible after the disappearance of its original bearer. Photon conversion into an electron--positron pair provides the guiding example. Pair-conversion polarimetry shows that information about the linear polarization of incident radiation remains statistically accessible in the angular distributions of the resulting pairs. This motivates a distinction between individual and statistical Record persistence. A simple logical model illustrates how information may be instantiated relationally rather than in either component separately. The proposal extends the Ego--Datum notion of Record and suggests a relational interpretation of questions concerning information in quantum correlations.

This site contains transparency materials for the following article: Bots With Empathy: Reactance Against Emotion-Aware AI Agents in Customer Service (forthcoming in MIS Quarterly) Repository structur…

This site contains transparency materials for the following article: Bots With Empathy: Reactance Against Emotion-Aware AI Agents in Customer Service (forthcoming in MIS Quarterly) Repository structure There are four folders corresponding to the studies in the article and a PDF document that includes additional materials. Study 1 Study 2 Study 2 Pretest Study 3 Additional Materials Within each folder, there are typically four files: Data file (e.g., Study 1-Data.sav) SPSS data analysis script file (e.g., Study 1-Syntax.sps) SPSS output file (e.g., Study 1_output.spv) PDF version of SPSS output (e.g., Study-Results.pdf) Using the SPSS data and script files can replicate all the results reported in the paper. Notes: Data provenance and privacy: The data were exported in September 2026 using SPSS. The data were anonymized to remove any identifiable participant information. The data files contain only the analyzed samples, i.e., participants retained after the exclusions described in the paper (Study 1: N = 98; Study 2 pretest: N = 182; Study 2: N = 211; Study 3: N = 235). Computational environment: The analyses in this repository were conducted by the first author in September 2026, using IBM SPSS 29.0 with PROCESS 4.2 (Hayes, 2022) on a MacBook Pro laptop with macOS Tahoe operating system. To analyze the data of each study, first load the data (“.sav”) file (e.g., Study 1-Data.sav) into SPSS, open the script (“.sps”) file (e.g., Study 1-Syntax. sps) using SPSS, and then run the commands in sequence in the script. SPSS syntax display in output: The SPSS output files in this repository were generated with command printback enabled; therefore, the executed SPSS syntax is displayed in the output log along with the analysis results. To enable this feature in SPSS, select "Edit > Options > Viewer" and check “Display commands in the log,” or run "SET PRINTBACK=ON." before executing the analyses. To suppress the syntax from the output log, uncheck this option or run "SET PRINTBACK=OFF."

Project PISCES (Process Integration & Synthesis using Chemical Engineering Standards) is a web-based software application for working with chemical process flowsheets and their supporting informat…

Project PISCES (Process Integration & Synthesis using Chemical Engineering Standards) is a web-based software application for working with chemical process flowsheets and their supporting information. It supports extraction and review of process information from scientific publications, simulation-data imports, flowsheet visualization, collaboration and process analysis. The hosted application is available at https://projectpisces.org.This restricted deposit archives a source snapshot of the application frontend and server routes from revision 62f93ea810832555c1573ccd52f3e0b519c40703. The archive includes selected application source, database schema and build configuration. Credentials, research datasets, uploaded documents, workspace data, installed dependencies and separate service backends are excluded. It is a source archive, not a complete deployment bundle.All rights reserved. The software files are restricted; citation metadata is public. A public description of the hosted application is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23124563. Cite original publications, models and datasets used in an analysis separately.

Herbal medicines are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic and commercial potential and are widely used as components of healthcare systems worldwide. However, their development and regulatory…

Herbal medicines are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic and commercial potential and are widely used as components of healthcare systems worldwide. However, their development and regulatory approval present unique challenges compared with chemically defined medicines because botanical products are complex mixtures with considerable variability arising from plant identity, geographical origin, cultivation, harvesting, processing, extraction, and storage conditions. This review examines the major regulatory challenges associated with the development and approval of herbal medicines, with particular emphasis on botanical authentication, raw-material control, standardization, contamination and adulteration, Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP), Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), analytical-method validation, stability, toxicological evaluation, herb drug interactions, clinical efficacy, labeling, product classification, and pharmacovigilance. The review also highlights recent global regulatory developments, including the World Health Organization’s Global Traditional Medicine Strategy 2025–2034, which emphasizes evidence-based traditional medicine, safety, quality, regulation, innovation, and appropriate integration into health systems. Regulatory approaches adopted by major agencies such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are considered, along with the evolving regulatory framework in India. Particular attention is given to the need for scientifically justified quality standards, reliable analytical techniques, traceability, risk-based assessment, and lifecycle quality management. Overall, effective regulation of herbal medicines requires a balanced approach that respects traditional knowledge while ensuring scientifically established quality, safety, and efficacy. Greater regulatory harmonization, improved analytical science, standardized manufacturing practices, and strengthened post-marketing surveillance can facilitate the development and wider acceptance of safe, effective, and high-quality herbal medicines..

Nas últimas décadas, houve ampliação do acesso e da permanência dos estudantes com deficiência no ensino comum, conforme evidenciado pelos dados do Ce…

Nas últimas décadas, houve ampliação do acesso e da permanência dos estudantes com deficiência no ensino comum, conforme evidenciado pelos dados do Censo Escolar da Educação Básica (Brasil, 2026). Entretanto, apesar dos avanços relacionados ao acesso escolar, ainda persistem desafios para garantir a aprendizagem e a participação desses estudantes, aspectos fundamentais para a consolidação da Educação Inclusiva. Nesse contexto, torna-se necessário refletir sobre estratégias pedagógicas que considerem a diversidade presente na sala de aula e favoreçam práticas de ensino mais inclusivas. Objetivos: Este estudo tem como objetivo compreender como a Aprendizagem Cooperativa (AC) pode contribuir para a efetivação da Educação Inclusiva e para a valorização da diversidade no processo de ensino-aprendizagem.