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Mazkur maqolada m-aminobenzoy va m-gidroksibenzoy kislotalari efirlarini sintez qilishning nazariy asoslari, ularning tuzilishi, fizik-kimyoviy xossalari hamda asosiy kimyoviy o‘zgarishlari tahl…

Mazkur maqolada m-aminobenzoy va m-gidroksibenzoy kislotalari efirlarini sintez qilishning nazariy asoslari, ularning tuzilishi, fizik-kimyoviy xossalari hamda asosiy kimyoviy o‘zgarishlari tahlil qilingan. Meta-holatda joylashgan amino va gidroksil guruhlar aromatik karboksilat efirlarining reaksion qobiliyatini sezilarli darajada belgilaydi. Tadqiqotda efirlarni olishda klassik esterifikatsiya, karbon kislota hosilalaridan foydalanish va funksional guruhlarni bosqichma-bosqich modifikatsiyalash yondashuvlari ko‘rib chiqildi. m-Aminobenzoy kislota efirlarining nitro birikmalarni qaytarish, amidlanish, kondensatsiya va Shiff asoslari hosil qilishdagi imkoniyatlari, m-gidroksibenzoy kislota efirlarining esa O-alkillanish, gidroliz, transesterifikatsiya va boshqa funksional o‘zgarishlari tahlil qilindi. Mahsulotlarning tuzilishini aniqlashda IR, ^1H NMR va ^13C NMR spektroskopiya usullarining ahamiyati asoslandi.

This article substantiates a methodology for organizing university students’ learning activities in a digital educational environment. The study is based on the analysis and synthesis of contemp…

This article substantiates a methodology for organizing university students’ learning activities in a digital educational environment. The study is based on the analysis and synthesis of contemporary research on digital education, student engagement, self-regulated learning, digital competence, learning analytics, and online feedback. The methodological framework integrates a competency-based, activity-oriented, student-centered, and self-regulated learning approach. As a result, a four-stage model of learning activity organization is proposed: diagnostic and goal-setting, instructional design and resource structuring, interactive implementation and learning support, and monitoring, feedback, reflection and correction. For each stage, the functions of the teacher and student, appropriate digital tools, expected learning actions, and assessment mechanisms are specified. The proposed methodology emphasizes purposeful rather than excessive use of technology, alignment between learning outcomes and digital activities, regular feedback, learner autonomy, collaborative interaction, and the use of learning analytics for pedagogical decision-making. The article concludes that the effectiveness of a digital educational environment depends not primarily on the number of digital tools employed, but on the pedagogical logic linking objectives, content, activities, communication, assessment, and reflection into a coherent learning system.

Академик шоир Мусо Тошмухаммад угли бйбек ) 940 йилда ёзилган “Навоийнинг дунёкараши масаласйга дойр” (I) номли маколасида Низомиддин Мир Алишер Навоийни жахон адабиётининг улмас асар…

Академик шоир Мусо Тошмухаммад угли бйбек ) 940 йилда ёзилган “Навоийнинг дунёкараши масаласйга дойр” (I) номли маколасида Низомиддин Мир Алишер Навоийни жахон адабиётининг улмас асарларини яратган у луг сeз санъаткори ва мутафаккир сифатида идрок этади. Ойбек учун Навоийнинг бадиий фикр дахолари хаторидан урин олиши биринчй навбатда, шоир асарларининг гоятда бой фалсафий мазм^ни хамда гоявий т^лаконлклик хусусиятларида намоён буладй. Чунки Навоий бадиий ижоднй шунчаки ингичка суз уйинлари, чечанликдан иборат шаклийгина эмас, балки мазм^нан теран поэтик ходиса сифатида хам англаган эди. 

Mazkur maqolada sun’iy intellekt texnologiyalaridan maktabgacha ta’lim jarayonida foydalanishning pedagogik imkoniyatlari, didaktik afzalliklari va metodik shart-sharoitlari tahlil qilinga…

Mazkur maqolada sun’iy intellekt texnologiyalaridan maktabgacha ta’lim jarayonida foydalanishning pedagogik imkoniyatlari, didaktik afzalliklari va metodik shart-sharoitlari tahlil qilingan. Raqamli texnologiyalarning jadal rivojlanishi maktabgacha ta’lim tashkilotlarida ta’lim-tarbiya jarayonini individuallashtirish, bolalarning bilish faolligini oshirish, nutqiy va ijodiy qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirish hamda pedagog faoliyatini qo‘llab-quvvatlash uchun yangi imkoniyatlar yaratmoqda. Tadqiqotda sun’iy intellektning adaptiv topshiriqlar yaratish, interaktiv ta’limiy materiallarni ishlab chiqish, nutqni rivojlantirish, tasviriy va ijodiy faoliyatni qo‘llab-quvvatlash, pedagogik diagnostika hamda individual ta’lim trayektoriyasini shakllantirishdagi imkoniyatlari yoritilgan. Shu bilan birga, maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarning yosh va psixologik xususiyatlarini hisobga olish, ekran vaqtini me’yorlash, shaxsiy ma’lumotlarni himoya qilish, algoritmik xatoliklarning oldini olish va pedagogning nazoratini saqlab qolish zarurligi asoslangan. Tadqiqot natijasida sun’iy intellektni maktabgacha ta’limga integratsiya qilishning pedagogik modeli taklif etilgan.

This dataset formalizes the unified framework of the fluid plenum model, establishing the explicit mechanical derivations that govern the structural velocity, mass, and dimension of sub-atomic particl…

This dataset formalizes the unified framework of the fluid plenum model, establishing the explicit mechanical derivations that govern the structural velocity, mass, and dimension of sub-atomic particles. Traditional astrophysics and quantum electrodynamics fail to solve boundary conditions at extreme compaction thresholds due to non-physical gravitational attraction dogmas and continuous wave assumptions. We resolve this by demonstrating a deterministic equivalence between macro-acceleration and etheric matrix reflection frequency (a = f), which dictates that sub-atomic force vectors converge directly to the Dincer Force-Frequency Matrix (F = m * f). Key Theoretical and Empirical Achievements Formalized in this Work: 1. The Dincer Boundary Frequency and Discrete Plenum Aggregation:We demonstrate that the upper limit of cosmic oscillation terminates strictly at the dynamic saturation threshold of the constitutive layer, locking at the Dincer Boundary Frequency (1.85193 x 10^43 Hz). Dividing this fundamental wall by integer indices (n) completely maps the discrete mass-frequency hierarchy of sub-atomic particles (f = 1.85193 x 10^43 / n), proving that inertial mass is a cumulative function of grouped plenum element clusters. 2. Absolute Spatial Dimension Alignment (The Dincer Plenum Diameter):At the base configuration where the aggregation index equals unity (n = 1), the macro-reference drag velocity of the Earth exactly merges with the fundamental plenum wavelength (299,792.458 km/s). Applying our scale-invariant differential division establishes that the absolute physical diameter of a singular plenum cell element is identical to 1.616 x 10^-35 meters, exhibiting a flawless mathematical alignment with the empirical Planck length. 3. Deconstruction of the Optical Refraction Illusion:This work mathematically proves that light traversing a dense medium does not experience physical angular bending. The dense atomic lattice acts as a geometric sieve filter, inducing a severe temporal phase delay (Delta t) across the 2-dimensional wave Cephesi matrix. To macroscopic observers, this retrospective geometric phase lag manifests as an angular refraction.  4. Resolution of Navigational Drift Anomalies:In continuous wave laser experiments, the measured speed of light represents the sequential beam intersection of consecutive incoming streams colliding with our macro-reference step. Transient single flash pulses shorter than 1 second remain entirely invisible to standard optical sensors due to the absence of subsequent intersection points. This dynamic explains and eliminates the chronic 300-meter orbital propagation drifts experienced by standard aerospace telemetry networks. These derivations provide absolute mechanical determinism for quantum structures and establish the unified parameters required for advanced autonomous propulsion shielding and asymmetric propulsion architectures. Official institutional verification contact: cetindincer@hotmail.com

Metacognition, understood as the ability to be aware, control and regulate one's own cognitive processes, plays a key role in the formation of independent learning and self-regulation. At preschool ag…

Metacognition, understood as the ability to be aware, control and regulate one's own cognitive processes, plays a key role in the formation of independent learning and self-regulation. At preschool age (from 3 to 7 years), the formation of metacognitive functions is a complex, heterochronic process due to both biological maturation and socio-cultural factors. This work is devoted to the analysis of the possibilities and limitations of the development of metacognition in preschool children from the standpoint of cultural-historical psychology and modern empirical research. The purpose of the study is to identify sensitive periods of metacognitive development, to determine the pedagogical conditions that contribute to its formation, and to identify the factors limiting this process. The paper considers the theoretical foundations of the concept of metacognition (J. Flavell, A. Brown, etc.), analyzes the features of its manifestation in preschool age, including the role of dialectical thinking and figurative means. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of specially organized learning through metacognitive conversations, project activities, games and visual models, as well as to the limitations associated with the immaturity of reflection, the features of executive functions and methodological difficulties in diagnosis. Based on the generalization of domestic (T.E. Chernokov et al.) and foreign data, it is shown that the age of 5–6 years is sensitive for the development of metacognitive knowledge and strategies, but full-fledged reflexive regulation requires a transition to the school period. Formative experiments confirm the effectiveness of dialectical means for transforming cognitive strategies and stimulating intellectual development. Practical recommendations are aimed at teachers of preschool educational organizations and include the integration of metacognitive technologies into everyday activities. The results of the study emphasize the need to take into account the individual and age characteristics of children for the successful development of metacognition as the basis for school readiness and lifelong learning.

In 2026, the BESIII experiment claimed the discovery of a "glueball," describing it as "matter composed purely of force." This raises a fundamental question: is force an effect of interaction between …

In 2026, the BESIII experiment claimed the discovery of a "glueball," describing it as "matter composed purely of force." This raises a fundamental question: is force an effect of interaction between matter, or an entity that can independently constitute matter? This paper reviews the history of the concept of force from Mozi to quantum field theory, and establishes the correct concept of force based on the Great Tao Model's Theory of Existence Field: force is the effect of elementary particles transmitting physical information through their existence fields and interacting; it must be attached to elementary particles and cannot exist independently of matter. Using this as a criterion, this paper criticizes the infinite regress dilemma of the Standard Model's "exchange particle" picture and the W/Z boson mass paradox, pointing out that the strong and weak interactions are not fundamental interactions; the "glueball" announcement substantivizes the medium that transmits force and then claims it constitutes new matter, committing the category error of "force forming matter." The Great Tao Model, with three types of elementary particles and two fundamental interactions, provides a concise and self-consistent explanation for the nature of force.

Мазкур мақолада XVI асрда яшаб ижод қилган Гулбадан Бегимнинг ҳаёти, ижодий мероси ва Мўғуллар салтанати тарихини ёритишдаги ўрни таҳлил қилинади. Гулбадан Бегим Бобурнинг қизи, Ҳумоюннинг синглиси ва…

Мазкур мақолада XVI асрда яшаб ижод қилган Гулбадан Бегимнинг ҳаёти, ижодий мероси ва Мўғуллар салтанати тарихини ёритишдаги ўрни таҳлил қилинади. Гулбадан Бегим Бобурнинг қизи, Ҳумоюннинг синглиси ва Акбар даврининг гувоҳи сифатида Мўғуллар саройида кечган сиёсий, ижтимоий ва оилавий воқеалар ҳақида қимматли маълумотлар қолдирган. Унинг «Ҳумоюннома» асари Бобурийлар сулоласи тарихини, айниқса, сарой ҳаёти ва аёлларнинг жамиятдаги ўрнини ўрганишда муҳим манба ҳисобланади. Мақолада Гулбадан Бегим хотираларининг тарихий аҳамияти, унинг воқеаларга аёл нуқтаи назаридан ёндашуви ҳамда асарнинг тарихшуносликдаги ўрни ёритилади.

People experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage are disproportionately affected by micronutrient deficiencies, but evidence concerning the barriers to micronutrient-rich diets among disadvantaged popul…

People experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage are disproportionately affected by micronutrient deficiencies, but evidence concerning the barriers to micronutrient-rich diets among disadvantaged populations in European settings is limited. This qualitative study (eight focus groups) explored the experiences of 68 beneficiaries of charitable organisations in Trieste, Italy (n = 26), and Olsztyn, Poland (n = 42) (i.e., food-assistance recipients and refugees, including asylum seekers). Data were analysed using thematic analysis informed by an adapted Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability, and Quality (AAAQ) framework. Participants described intersecting economic, physical, temporal, informational, social, cultural, and organisational barriers to accessing and consuming micronutrient-rich foods. High food prices and competing household expenses constrained food choice and variety, while transport, work schedules, cooking and storage restrictions, culturally incompatible provision, social influences, and limited access to professional guidance created additional barriers. Availability and perceived quality differed between retail, food-assistance, and accommodation settings. Participants generally preferred obtaining micronutrients through food, expressed predominantly negative attitudes towards fortified foods, and reported divergent attitudes towards food supplements. The study did not assess dietary intake or micronutrient status but identified perceived barriers that might increase vulnerability to inadequate intake. The findings support context-sensitive, multilevel responses spanning food assistance, social protection, public health, organisational provision, and nutrition communication.

This dataset accompanies the article “Identifying Exceptional Points in Black Hole Ringdowns” by Zhen-Xiao Zhang, Chen Lan, and Yi Wang and its Supplemental Material.The archive contains t…

This dataset accompanies the article “Identifying Exceptional Points in Black Hole Ringdowns” by Zhen-Xiao Zhang, Chen Lan, and Yi Wang and its Supplemental Material.The archive contains the simulation inputs and numerical results underlying the study, including black-hole backgrounds and effective potentials, initial-data bases and source coefficients, time-domain waveform arrays, spectral calculations, likelihood-fit records, Monte Carlo trials, calibration and power studies, and numerical tables supporting the figures and reported results. Topics include exceptional-point response geometry, Einstein–Maxwell–scalar black-hole waveforms, ordinary-response omission, detector response, axial gravitational perturbations, and Kerr and Einstein–Maxwell–scalar spectra. Files are organized by calculation and physical system. FIGURES.csv and TABLES.csv link the manuscript figures and tables to their supporting data, while DATASETS.csv describes the dataset groups. VARIABLES.md defines quantities, units, and array conventions. File inventories and checksums are provided for integrity verification, and SOURCES.md documents external inputs. The archive includes noiseless waveform bases, source weights, random seeds, and experiment protocols used to reconstruct the noisy inputs with the companion numerical scripts. The README describes the archive structure and its relationship to the code package.